Triangular Trade Route And The Middle Passage Essay

Triangular Trade Research Paper The triangular Trade Route was a system of transferring goods, imports, and people throughout three different ports. Items were transported between the West Indies, Africa, and New England. The most known case of the Triangular Trade Route was in the 17th and 18th century when North American colonies would trade specific goods, like rum, in return for African slaves. The transfer of the slaves was referred to as the middle passage. The middle passage was a harsh and aggressive way of trading African slaves for economic use. The use of African slaves may have been a short term success for the American people however, the long term effect was horrific. Slave trade dates back to Ancient Europe, so the Middle passage shouldn’t be anything different from the norm. However, this was a harsh and gruesome way of trading slaves. Many Africans were taken from their homes by Europeans. The Europeans would pack the slaves into small crevices on a boat and s hackle them down. Since the slaves were so close together they were prone to getting disease, which would then lead to death. A famous African American, Olauda Equiano, wrote a book about his experience during the Middle Passage. Equiano wrote The closeness of the place and the heat of the climate, added to the number of the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us† (Equiano). Many slaves were beaten severely and some even jumped overboard. DeathShow MoreRelatedSlavery During The 18th Century907 Words   |  4 Pages was the first established colony in America. Slaves were brought to America by the Middle Passage, a water route across the Atlantic. The middle passage was a section of the Triangular trade route. Africa, Europe, and North America were apart of the Triangular trade. The Middle Passage was a gruesome and deadly route for the Africans. Many Africans died on this long and infamous journey. Over the Middle Passage , it took several long months to get from Africa to the Americas. An estimated amountRead MoreHistory Of The United States Before The Civil War1600 Words   |  7 Pagesbenefit without having to pay workers. With established slave labor proving to be economical in these nearby areas, it seemed far easier to also enslave blacks in America as well. Although America was able to profit greatly from the unregulated slave trade, we must ask: At what cost? The moral injustice it brought on African slaves outweighs all of the economic gains and advancements made by America. The history of slavery dates back to before the 9th century. The establishment of slavery was widespreadRead MoreEquiano s First Hand Experience Of Being Kidnapped1518 Words   |  7 PagesTransatlantic Slave Trade. This era and actions of the slavers, which we now view as â€Å"Crimes against Humanity,† lasted approximately 400 years from the 16th to 19th century (Smallwood). Many have called this forced exodus of 12-15 million African men, women, and children as a dark time where profits came at the cost of human suffering. As Equiano and many historians detailed, the abduction of Africans occurred mostly in West Africa, the region from Senegal to Angola. The three-legged trade route spanned manyRead MoreThe Middle Passage Essay1219 Words   |  5 PagesThe Middle Passage (or Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade) was a voyage that took slaves from Africa to the Americas via tightly packed ships. The trade started around the early 1500s, and by 1654 about 8,000-10,000 slaves were b eing imported from Africa to the Americas every year. This number continued to grow, and by 1750 that figure had climbed to about 60,000-70,000 slaves a year. Because of the lack of necessary documents, it is hard to tell the exact number of Africans taken from their homeland. ButRead MoreThe Caravans Of Gold And The King And City1265 Words   |  6 Pages The gold was trade and the trader with camels carried the gold across the Sahara from West Africa to North Africa. From there traders shipped the gold to Europe and to the West Asia. One of the three most powerful empires in West Africa is Ghana. In the 11th century, his armies made the master trade routes from morocco in the north to the coastal forests of West Africa in the South. This transit made Ghana gained more wealth. Then Arabs and Muslim began to exploit that trade route. Late in the 11thRead MoreSlave Trade673 Words   |  3 PagesSlave Trade Many times discussions about slavery examine the everlasting racial impact of the practice. However, the reality is that Africans sold Africans into the slave trade, which, at that time, was far more motivated by finances than by any underlying racial motivation. Looking at the Great Circuit, and how African traders and political leaders impacted the slave trade, one sees Africans playing a significant role in the early slave trade. However, there were differences in how the slaveRead MoreThe Causes And Effects Of The Enslavement Of Africa902 Words   |  4 Pagesthat idea to America. At first they brought them over by the middle passage which was a route that they used huge boats that they would cram slaves into to get them to their destination. The middle passage carried thousands at a time and soon enough they were carrying over 100,000 slaves at a time. Most traders eventually brought slavery into trade. They used a network called the triangular trade routes, which were mainly used for the trade of slaves. Although many were taken by force, some work byRead MoreSlavery in American Society: Impact and Evolution Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pagesas each farmer could obtain workers as well as land from importing English laborers. The farmers could then use such profits to purchase the passage of more laborers, thus gaining more land. Indentured servants, mostly male laborers and a few women immigrated to Colonial America and contracted to work from four to seven years in exchange for their passage (Norton, 41). Once services ended after the allotted amount of time, the Indentured Servant could remain in Jamestown as a regular citizen. Read MoreThe Hassles Of The Slave Trade Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pages The Hassles of the Slave Trade. Tyrese Hicks Central High School 11/9/15 5th Period Abstract The slave trade impacted America and the future of the world completely. It killed millions of people and the wars also caused damage to the land. Africans were kidnapped out of their homes and took after wars if they lost. It caused a major drop in population and many people were homeless and starving or hiding from the people who want them as slaves. They were bringing the slaves to America to workRead MoreThe English Civil War Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pagesexisting trade routes in the Atlantic Circuit to bring slaves from Africa to replace Amerindian labor. 4. Atlantic Circuit (or System): The Atlantic Circuit was the triangular network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas. The first passage carried horses, weapons, and metals from Europe to Africa. The third passage brought plantation goods from the colonies to Europe. And the Middle Passage was defined by transport of slaves from Africa to the colonies. The Middle Passage

Reflection Upon The First Chapter - 875 Words

Reflection upon the first chapter of Kloos et al. (2012) and the articles by Dohrenwend (1978), Wellin (1955), and McCarty (1955), reveals that one overarching theme appears to unite all three: community psychology’s expansion of what is acceptable for psychological study, which also helps distinguish this branch of psychology from clinical psychology (Kloos et al., 2012, p. 3). The resulting shift in perspective is the crux of the distinction between the two fields. Moreover, Dohrenwend (1978) uses her model of psychosocial stress to highlight how community psychology should push back the intervention plan to the origin of the stress process, not at later stages (p. 12). Community psychology, therefore, is about prevention, not intervention. Once this realization is reached, it becomes possible, even necessary, for psychologists to look at macro-level forces influencing an individual’s life. The distinction between clinical and community psychology raises my first ques tion: how do community psychologists grapple with internal psychodynamics that cannot be alleviated solely through external forces? While there is a strong focus to distinguish community psychology from clinical psychology, the readings also contribute to my understanding of community psychology’s distinctiveness from other academic disciplines. To understand the unique perspective of community psychology, one only needs to look at the two-fold mission of community psychology: conducting empirical scholarshipShow MoreRelatedExploring the Black Box: Assessment for Learning the Development of Autonomy in Key Stage 21678 Words   |  7 Pages I was concerned that a focus on national curriculum levels could be marginalising skills in self-reflection and self-direction in favour of the transfer of knowledge to pass tests. Assessment of learning seemed to take priority over assessment for learning. I believed that pupils and their parents needed to reflect critically on their learning and what was needed to improve it. Active reflection is one key characteristic of assessment for learning because it focuses learners’ attention on understandingRead More The Use of Mirrors in The Scarlet Letter Essay1188 Words   |  5 PagesDimmesdale views the reflection of himself in a parallel universe, his saint-like ways cause his own self-tormented downfall. Dimmesdale could have looked into a mirror without magnifying his own faults only after the third scaffold scene. Shortly after this, Dimmesdale has perished, never able to look at himself free of sin. nbsp; Roger Chillingworths mirror is associated with the harsh realization of what he has become. In the first few chapters, Hester reflects upon her life with Roger PrynneRead MoreHow I Think Theologically By Howard W. Stone And James O. Duke1554 Words   |  7 PagesIn their book, How To Think Theologically, Howard W. Stone and James O. Duke convey to their reading audience on the very first page of their introduction that â€Å"†¦Christian theology is at its roots a matter of faith seeking understanding.† The premise of the book argues – no states emphatically â€Å"†¦their (christians’) faith makes them theologicans.† It is this foundational point on which the entire work pivots. So Stone and Duke are asking their readers to buy in to the realization that by merit ofRead MoreImages of Organization, Chapters 1 and 2 Critical Anaylsis1271 Words   |  6 PagesReflection Journal #1 1 Reflection Journal #1 From the reading, Images of Organization Chapters 1 amp; 2 Reflection Journal #1 Chapters 1 amp; 2 In the first two chapters of Images of Organization, the author, Gareth Morgan defines the theory of metaphor and how it is applied to organization. He challenges the reader to examine metaphor as a tool that is used to understand and recognize organization (Morgan, 1998, p. 5). 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To be more specific, towards key questions to be addressed and responded, the writer pulls together and creates a combination of different resources and synthesisesRead MoreReactions and Reflections to C yndi Banks Criminal Justice Ethics: Theory and Practice1060 Words   |  4 PagesReactions and Reflections on Readings in Cyndi Banks Criminal Justice Ethics: Theory and Practice Introduction No serious-minded individual over the age of twelve actually thinks that justice and ethical issues involved in criminality are purely black-and-white or clear-cut issues of good and bad. The first chapters of Cyndi Banks (2008) Criminal Justice Ethics, however, make it clear that the issues of right and wrong in the criminal justice system are far more complex, specific, and subtleRead MoreSummary Of Hester Prynne By Nathaniel Hawthorne1219 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 2-3: Hester Prynne is a young woman who was put in jail for the crime of adultery. In the first introduction Hester is perceived as someone who does not care what other people think of her and will stare down the barrel of a gun. The author, Nathaniel Hawthorne, compares Hester to her babe by showing how they are both shunned by the people viewing them. Hawthorne contrats them when Hester stands upon the scaffold with her head held high, while her babe cries out. As Hester walks out of herRead MoreThe Logic Of Gro unded Theory And Initial Coding Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pagesfor one to carry out chapter-by-chapter reading. Therefore, with this analysis, it is also significant for one to make a succinct summary of these chapters and come up with a personal reflection of the same. This method enriches one with the knowledge of qualitative research skills as argued out by Charmaz. For this very task, I will put focus on chapter 5, The Logic of Grounded Theory Coding Practices and Initial Coding and chapter 6, Focused Coding and Beyond. 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Directions: Answer the Pre-Reading questions using Chapter 5 Section 2 Guided Reading Notes. When finished, read the article The Looking Glass Self: Who Holds Our Reflections. Read

Stefan’s Diaries Bloodlust Chapter 24 Free Essays

I ran down to the lake, the sound of the stake ripping through Damons flesh echoing in my mind. Once I got to the shore, I stared at my reflection in the water. My hazel eyes stared back, my lips pressed into a thin line. We will write a custom essay sample on Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Chapter 24 or any similar topic only for you Order Now With an angry jerk, I threw a pebble into the pond, shattering my image into a thousand little ripples. Part of me wanted to jump in the lake, swim to the other side, and never come back. Damn Damon to hell if death was what he wanted so much. But no matter how much I wished hed die, I couldnt kill him. Despite everything, we were brothers, and I wanted–needed–to do everything in my power to save him. After all, blood was thicker than water. I laughed bitterly as I thought of the deeper meanings of the metaphor. Blood was also more complicated, more destructive, and more heartbreaking than water. I sank into the brackish sand at the waters edge and lay back with a sigh, letting the wan November sun cascade over me. I dont know how long I remained like that before I felt muffled footfalls vibrate the ground beneath me. I sighed. I dont know what Id hoped to find, coming down to the lake, but my peace and quiet was ruined when Callie sat down next to me. â€Å"Everything okay?† she asked, throwing a small rock into the lake with a plunk. She didnt turn to face me. â€Å"I just could you leave me alone?† I muttered. â€Å"Please.† â€Å"No.† I sat up and looked her square in the face. â€Å"Why not?† Callie pursed her lips, her forehead crinkling as though she were working through a complicated problem. Then, hesitantly, she reached out with her tiny pinky finger and traced the outline of my lapis lazuli ring. â€Å"The monster has a ring like this,† she said. I jerked my hand away in horror. How could I have forgotten about our rings? Callie cleared her throat. â€Å"Is the vampire, is he your brother?† My blood ran cold, and I jumped to my feet. â€Å"No, Stefan! Stay.† Callies green eyes were wide, her cheeks flushed. â€Å"Please. Just stay. I know what you are, and Im not afraid.† I took a step back, my breath coming in rapid gasps. My mind spun, and I felt nauseated all over again. â€Å"How can you know what I am and not fear me?† â€Å"Youre not a monster,† she said simply. She rose to her feet as well. For a moment, we just stood there, not speaking, barely breathing. A duck cut an arc through the lake. A horse whinnied in the distance. And the scent of pine tickled my nose. I noticed then that Callie had removed all the vervain from her hair. â€Å"How can you say that?† I asked. â€Å"I could kill you in an instant.† â€Å"I know.† She looked into my eyes as if searching for something. My soul, perhaps. â€Å"So why havent you? Why dont you now?† â€Å"Because I like you,† I said, surprising myself with the words. A whisper of a smile flitted across her lips. â€Å"I like you too.† â€Å"Are you sure about that?† I took her wrists in mine and she pulled away a little. â€Å"Because when I touch you, I dont know whether I want to kiss you or or â€Å" â€Å"Kiss me,† she said breathlessly. â€Å"Dont think about the alternative.† â€Å"I cant. If I do, it wont stop there.† Callie moved closer to me. â€Å"But you saved me. When your brother lunged for me, you staked him. You staked your own brother. For me.† â€Å"Just in the stomach, not the heart,† I pointed out. â€Å"Still.† She placed her hand on my chest, right over where my heart used to be. I stiffened, trying not to inhale the scent of her. Before I could react, she pulled a needle out of her pocket and punctured her index finger. I froze. Blood. Just one drop of it, like a single ruby, balanced there on the tip of her finger. God,Callie’sblood. It smelled like cedarwood and the sweetest wine. My face began to sweat, and my breathing became heavy. My senses sharpened, and my fangs throbbed. Fear flashed in Callies eyes and radiated off her body. And just like that, my fangs retracted. I fell backward, panting. â€Å"See, youre not a monster,† she said firmly. â€Å"Not likeheis.† The wind picked up, causing Callies hair to ripple out behind her like the waves in the lake. She shivered, and I stood up, pulling her close. â€Å"Maybe,† I whispered into her ear, drinking in the heady scent of her, my mouth inches from her neck. I couldnt bear to tell her about all the lives Id taken, how Damon thought thatIwas the monster. â€Å"But hes my brother. And its my fault hes in there.† â€Å"Do you want me to help you free him?† she said heavily, as if shed known all along that our conversation would come to this. â€Å"Yes,† I said simply. Callie chewed on her lip as she played with a strand of her hair, wrapping it on her finger, over and over again. â€Å"But you dont have to.† I avoided her eyes, so I knew I wasnt compelling her. She stared at me carefully, as if my face were a cipher she could decode. â€Å"In two days,† she said, â€Å"meet me at midnight. Thats when Damon will be moved to our attic.† â€Å"Are you sure?† She nodded. â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Thank you.† I cupped her cheeks with my hands and leaned forward, pressing my forehead to hers. And then I kissed her. As we stood, palm to palm, chest to chest, I could have sworn I felt my heart come back to life, beating in perfect sync with hers. How to cite Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Chapter 24, Essay examples

Value of Organizational Behavior Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Value of Organizational Behavior. Answer: Organizational culture is a system with shared assumptions, values and beliefs governing people to behave in an organization. All these values are important for strongly influencing the people working in the organization. Every organization has a distinct objective in order to imbibe a unique culture in the organization. People working in the organization are making value on the basis of the organizational culture. The purpose here is to develop an organizational culture in accordance to their behavior to match set of values (Alvesson, 2016). Culture is steady, observable pattern of behavior seen in an organization. This is to focus attention on the forces that help in shaping organizational behavior which includes structure, process and incentives. An organizational culture is largely managed by the structure. The organizational culture set the rule for people to behave in an effective way. This can only be achieved by managing the organizational culture in a pre-defined way. In a c orporate world, employees work with people from a different region. The principles of an organizational culture and norms are identified as an important parameter to form business relation. Employees coming from different regions find difficulty in adopting the organizational culture. The adopting of Western Organizational culture creates a fear in the mind of people in regard of losing their tradition and values (Barbera, 2014). Twitter has a best organizational culture while compared to other. They do have Rooftop meetings, friendly co-workers and a team-oriented environment. This help in motivating the companys goals in the best possible way. Various researchers have shown the change in the organizational culture is carried in order to make financial gain. An organization can make profits by encouraging organizational culture to deliver best result. The economic growth of an organization largely depends on the efforts made by the management. As per a study conducted in a Taiwan based organization, culture value and moral has a direct impact on the job performance and satisfaction. The level of employee satisfaction is directly related with the organizational culture and development (Gordon. 2017). The level of employee satisfaction depends upon the cultural values it gained through its past experience. The difference in the attitude directly affects the past experiences in different countries. An organization has to imbibe cultural functions in order to gain employees interest. In the era of globalization, every employee has to adopt the organizational culture. The organizational culture plays an important role in managin g business organization. The corporate culture is thereby responsible to emphasize of the training and development in a well-informed culture (Adler and Gundersen, 2007). This helps in boosting the organizational culture in order to gain market effectiveness. Google has grown into an expanded business organization with a uniform culture that helps in managing the different departments within the company. In a larger company, the culture has to reinvent itself to accommodate itself. The culture of an organization is a collection of shared assumptions and beliefs to work together in order to manage the changes taking place in the business environment. Culture often stands out to be a codified process followed by much business organization (Bakker and Schaufeli, 2008). The organization culture is made up of the political environment. The external political environment affects the organization largely. It is mainly composed of the organizational culture and development taking place in a well-organized manner. Culture is passed on to the next generation; hence it plays an important role in giving a purpose to an organization. Over the time, there has been a regular change in the process of managing the process over the time. It is the members and agency that works together to provide with a coordination in between the organizational value mechanism. It is thus important for gaining effectiveness by influencing efforts of the employees largely (Colquitt, et al 2011). The organizational team faces issue due to inappropriate employee behavior, poor leadership and a volatile business environment. Such an organizational culture develops insecurities in the mind of the employees (Luthans, Luthans and Luthans, 2015). A dominating organizational culture is hard for the business organization in gaining an effective team performance. This highly influences the role of leader and team performance in managing business role. The team satisfaction is important to manage changing face of organizational culture. This is affecting the overall process to meet the challenges taking place in the business environment (Nelson and Cooper, 2007). The organizational culture is a combine effort of the employees and the factors influencing them. The organizational culture need to be kept in alliance with the workplace in a well-effective way. This type of working environment is good for the employees. The working environment, organizational climate is highly influencing the behavior of the employees (Pinder, 2014). A strong alignment of an individual value in managing the ambiguity increased has an impact. This will however benefit the overall process to introduce changes in the organization. Organisation Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) is important for evaluating organisation and its contribution in building an effective team. This actually occurs when the employee contributes over and above the requirements. The Behaviours include an exercise to help a co-worker, volunteering additional duties, representing the business organization efficiently, and by improving the morale. This contributes to job satisfaction and motivates employ ee in matching up with the expectations in return of rewards reverent behaviour. This will be helping others in exceeding job expectations hence managing the role of the employees. It is provided by facilitating identification of workplace standards, approach and beliefs to improve the collaboration to build healthy relationships (Robbins, 2009). For a healthy organization, it is important to build Commitment to the employee with a belief in acceptance of the organisational goals and values. An individual behavior has a direct impact on the organisational values. An employee has to demonstrate commitment to the organisation for the organisation and its customers. However, this develops the quality of service delivery and performance of the entity and organisation (Youssef and Luthans, 2007). Organizational culture has an exclusive impact on the employees. There are cases where employee quit the job due to dissatisfaction. High rates of turnover are tough for the organization to manage. This creates staff shortages and discontinuity in service delivery. Unsatisfied employees are the reason behind the vulnerable and their mental health. Employee Retention is enhanced by creating safety measures and steadiness. The Job satisfaction provides with an emotional state from evaluating positive contribution to employee retention. An organizational culture is largely managed by the structure. The organizational culture set the rule for people to behave in an effective way. In contrast to this, the organizational culture has an impact over the employee turnover and its impact on growth (Gimenez-Espin, Jimnez-Jimnez and Martnez-Costa, 2013). The organization culture brings every individual on same platform. Every employee is treated in a same manner hence reducing the chances of being felt left out. The employees are treated equally by the employer irrespective of religion, region, colour and gender. It is essential for the employees to adjust in the culture so that they can deliver best result. It is often seen that the large sized multinational organizations are facing issue due to imbalance in individual and organizational goal. This is however important for the business organization in order to manage the gap in the organizational goals and effectiveness (Stein, 2017). Its the organizational culture that unites the employees coming up from different background. The work culture helps the employees in accepting the back grounds, families and varied attitudes and mentalities. Its the organizational culture that creates a sense of unity at the organization. There are certain organizations that follow a culture where all the employees are working irrespective of their designation. The organizational culture encourages the employees to work efficiently for gaining long-term benefit ultimately benefits them in the long run. It is the culture of the organization which helps in developing employees (Jones and Jones, 2010). This is important for the organization to develop an effective roles and responsibilities that helps in accomplishing the tasks within the desired time frame. The purpose of an organizational culture is to get work done as per the set guidelines. It is important to implement the policies through a definite set culture. It is important to provide knowledge to the employees working in the organization by creating a level of understanding that work in symmetry to establish an effective culture (Nelson and Cooper, 2007). It is the duty of work culture that promotes healthy relationship in between the employees. The organizational culture therefore moulds up the business environment. It is the responsibility to treat work in a better way that moulds the way of looking at things. It is the culture of the organization that motivates employee to maintain the team productivity. A strict management forces the employees to submit the report in definite time-period. Its not always the external pressure that forces an individual to work. Internal motivation therefore works as an important parameter to build up habit in employees. In a diversified culture, the best business practice plays an important role. This is important in managing the general habits and allocation of resources in order to manage the workforce. The organization is facing problems in managing the teams. There are possibilities due to which an organization can undergo an ineffective team building and motivation. This is important to manage the team behavior in general. Employer tries to inculcate a positive culture in the employee. In such situation, an employee is ready to manage the cultural gaps seen while going through the process of learning and development. However, employees with a better focus and adjusting attitude are easy to be convinced. They create a business atmosphere where the employees are easy to gather courage in decision making. The organizational culture set the rule for people to behave in an effective way. This can only be achieved by managing the organizational culture in a pre-defined way (Robbins, 2009). To conclude, the organizational culture plays an important role in managing the organization. It is through a better development and learning that an organization is able to meet the desired targets. The purpose of such targets is to manage the contingencies and to build an effective environment focusing on growth and development. An organization has to imbibe cultural functions in order to gain employees interest. In the era of globalization, every employee has to adopt the organizational culture. This is important for managing the changes taking place in an organization and allocating the resources effectively. Culture is steady, observable pattern of behavior seen in an organization. This is to focus attention on the forces that help in shaping organizational behavior which includes structure, process and incentives. An organizational culture is largely managed by the structure. This is important in order to gain market competencies. Changing organizational culture is important fo r managing the differences in the employees. All these changes act as effective stimuli to implement changes and to impose changes in regular working. References Adler, N.J. and Gundersen, A., 2007.International dimensions of organizational behavior. Cengage Learning. Alvesson, M. ed., 2016.Organizational culture. Sage. International Publishing. Bakker, A.B. and Schaufeli, W.B., 2008. Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations.Journal of organizational behavior,29(2), pp.147-154. Barbera, K.M., 2014.The Oxford handbook of organizational climate and culture. Oxford University Press. Colquitt, J., Lepine, J.A., Wesson, M.J. and Gellatly, I.R., 2011.Organizational behavior: Improving performance and commitment in the workplace. McGraw-Hill Irwin. Gimenez-Espin, J.A., Jimnez-Jimnez, D. and Martnez-Costa, M., 2013. Organizational culture for total quality management.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,24(5-6), pp.678-692. Gordon, G., 2017. Guiding Organizational Culture. InLeadership through Trust(pp. 53-62). Springer Jones, G.R. and Jones, G.R., 2010. Organizational theory, design, and change. Luthans, F., Luthans, B.C. and Luthans, K.W., 2015.Organizational behavior: An evidence-based approach. IAP. Nelson, D. and Cooper, C.L. eds., 2007.Positive organizational behavior. Sage. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Robbins, S.P., 2009.Organizational Behavior, 13/E. Pearson Education India. Stein, H.F., 2017.Listening deeply: An approach to understanding and consulting in organizational culture. University of Missouri Press. Youssef, C.M. and Luthans, F., 2007. Positive organizational behavior in the workplace: The impact of hope, optimism, and resilience.Journal of management,33(5), pp.774-800.